43% of the total population of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (610,000 inhabitants) is not Luxembourgish. The official languages of the Grand Duchy are: the national language, Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch), as well as foreign languages, German and French. Since the Eastern enlargement of the European Union in 2004, English is more and more frequently used. This diversity has of course an impact on the production of the books and periodicals, as well as on library collections and services.
In public libraries, especially parents and their heavy readers, their children, are borrowing books, because it’s too expensive to buy enough books for them in private. Regarding adults, the country's wealth allows the expansion of private libraries. The percentage of persons (50% in 2006) that confirmed to possess more than 100 books in their family library is one of the highest in the European Union. Only 5% claim that they do not have any books at home at all.
Scientific libraries in general have small collections. Currently only 13 libraries have more than 50,000 volumes. According to the law of August 10, 1912, the establishment of school libraries in elementary education is mandatory. Since the Act of June 25, 2004, this commitment exists for secondary school libraries too.
Since the national elections of 2004, the Association of Luxembourgish Librarians, Archivists and Documentalists (Albad) is regularly very successful by advocating in putting libraries on the governmental agenda. Unfortunately, the Ministry of Culture did not consult with qualified librarians about library legislation.
As a small country, the Grand Duchy was and is influenced by trends in librarianship from the neighbouring countries. They are always implemented with a certain delay. Fully qualified librarians are rare and have to study abroad, especially in Germany and Belgium.
New library buildings, open to the public, are the Public Library of Luxembourg-City (inaugurated the 25.09.2008), the University Library in Esch/Belval (22.09.2018) and the National Library (30.09.2019).
39 | 224.7 |
---|---|
Median Age | Population Densitypeople per sq km |
98.1% | 1.6% |
---|---|
Internet Users | Internet Gender Gap |
0.2% | 6.3% |
---|---|
Poverty Rate 2011 PPP | Unemployment % of labor force |
No Data Available | 4% |
---|---|
Adult Literacy Rate % of people age 15+ | Education Spending % of GDP |
74.6% | 1.3% |
---|---|
ICT Skills: Transfering Files | Research Spending % of GDP |
|
National Library Associations
|
|
National Library
|
|
Policy Making Institutions
|
|
Library Support Organisations
|
|
National Policy for Libraries
|
|
Library Law
|
|
Legal Deposit Law
|
|
Copyright Law
|
|
Library Exceptions & Limitations
|
|
Professional Qualification Requirements
|
|
Education
|
|
Professional Publications
|
|
Professional Events
|
Total | National | Academic | Public | Community | School | Other | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Libraries |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Libraries with Internet Access |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Full-Time Staff |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Volunteers |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Registered User |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Physical Visits |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Physical Loans |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Electronic Loans |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Luxembourg | Region | World | |
Population Density people per sq km | 224.7 2016 | 33.2 2016 | 57.4 2016 |
Urban Population (World Bank) | 90.4% 2016 | 71.1% 2016 | 54.3% 2016 |
Median Age (CIA) | 39 2017 | - | 30 2017 |
Age Dependency Ratio, Youth (World Bank) % of working age people | 23.7% 2017 | 27.1% 2017 | 39.7% 2017 |
Age Dependency Ratio, Elderly (ITU World Telecoms Database) % of working age people | 20.7% 2017 | 24.5% 2017 | 13.3% 2017 |
Luxembourg | Region | World | |
Internet Users (ITU World Telecoms Database) % of population | 98.1% 2016 | - | - |
Broadband Cost (ITU World Telecoms Database) in USD | $45.4 2016 | $14.6 2016 | $20.1 2016 |
Phone Subscription Cost (ITU World Telecoms Database) in USD | $22.8 2016 | $9.5 2016 | $9.5 2016 |
Internet Gender Gap (ITU World Telecoms Database) % of Men Internet Users - % of Women Internet Users | 1.6% 2016 | - | 11.6% 2017 |
Access to Electricity (World Bank) | 100% 2016 | 100% 2016 | 87.4% 2016 |
Luxembourg | Region | World | |
GDP per Capita (World Bank) current international $ | 102,389 2016 | 31,362 2016 | 16,215 2016 |
Poverty Rate (World Bank) at $1.90 a Day, 2011 PPP | 0.2% 2014 | 1.6% 2013 | 10.9% 2013 |
Inequality Index (World Bank) 0 is perfect equality, 100 is the complete inequality | 31 2014 | - | - |
Unemployment (World Bank) % of labor force | 6.3% 2016 | 8.2% 2016 | 5.9% 2014 |
Inactive Youth (World Bank) % of youth | 5.4% 2016 | 13.8% 2016 | - |
Luxembourg | Region | World | |
Students per Teacher (World Bank) Ratio | 8 2015 | 15 2016 | 24 2016 |
Adult Literacy Rate (World Bank) % of people age 15+ | - | 99.1% 2016 | 86.2% 2016 |
Education Spending (World Bank) % of GDP | 4% 2014 | 5.1% 2014 | 4.9% 2014 |
Luxembourg | Region | World | |
Research Spending (World Bank) % of GDP | 1.3% 2015 | 1.9% 2015 | 2.2% 2015 |
ICT Skills: Programming (International Telecommunication Union) % of Population | 12.8% 2015 | - | - |
ICT Skills: Creating Presentations (International Telecommunication Union) % of Population | 62.7% 2015 | - | - |
ICT Skills: Finding, Downloading, Installing Software (International Telecommunication Union) % of Population | 69.8% 2015 | - | - |
ICT Skills: Transferring Files (International Telecommunication Union) % of Population | 74.6% 2015 | - | - |
ICT Skills: Sending Emails % of Population | - | - | - |
ICT Skills: Using Copy/Paste % of Population | - | - | - |
ICT Skills: Connect/Install Devices % of Population | - | - | - |
ICT Skills: Using Math in Spreadsheets % of Population | - | - | - |
ALBAD is a professional association, mainly acting for individuals, with about 150 members. Main objectives are advocacy, training and social events.
ULBP is composed by institutions and associations. The majority of public libraries (16) and 2 associations (ALBAD & FëBLux) are members. The ULBP president is always a politician, a member of Parliament. Their main goal is advocacy.
The BNL collects all edited and printed publications at national level (legal deposit) as well as acts as university library with a larger collection of not Luxembourgish media. Furthermore the BNL is the center of the national union catalogue Bibnet.lu, run by the State.
Finance the national library and distribute subsidies to public libraries.
Non-governmental non-profit national fundraising organization for the creation, development and perpetuation of public libraries.
There are no national policy documents for libraries in Luxembourg.
The law is aimed at maintaining existing strong public libraries (not creating new ones and not support weak ones).
Since 1912 (the law of the 10.08.1912 was abolished by the one of the 06.02.2009) libraries in primary schools are compulsory.
The current state before the law of the 25.06.2004 was that almost every secondary school already owned a library. Since 2004, for every old and new establishment, a library is compulsory.
Since 1970 a library in every penitentiary establishment is compulsory and access to the collections is guaranteed.
All published materials published, put on sale, distributed, rented out, or otherwise made available for reproduction, in any form (analogue/virtual, including databases, software, and the products of artificial intelligence), are concerned by legal deposit, with up to five copies being deposited with the National Library. In the case of audio-visual works, these are deposited, following specific rules on technical format, at the National Centre for Audiovisual Media. In the case of publications in the Luxembourgish language, or dealing with Luxembourgish culture, at least one copy should be deposited with the National Centre for Literature. The Library also has a responsibility to collect as wide a selection as possible of materials published elsewhere. The National Library is charged with providing the widest possible access to its collections, including through loan and remote access, and can play the role of a university library. More specific details (including on the precise number of copies) are listed in a separate decree, which can change regularly.
The National Library also has a role in coordinating the network of libraries in Luxembourg, and hosts the national ISBN and ISSN centres.
Copies in for preservation/conservation can be made without copyright infringement, and access can be given on the premises of a recognised library. There is no restriction on the technology or format of such copies.
Libraries in the education sector can produce copies without paying royalties. Libraries open to the general public (such as public libraries) do need to pay royalties for public copying, via collecting societies. There are frequent amendments to the law.
Library lending is conditional on payment of public lending right. This, as well as the institutions to which it applied, is determined through secondary legislation. School, university and research libraries are not affected. The sums payable for any given library are calculated at 2EUR per registered user having borrowed a book in the past year. Money comes from the local authority budget in the case of public libraries, the state for national ones, or the library itself in other cases.
There are also exceptions for quotation, teaching, research, use of orphan works. Temporary storage (caching), caricature, pastiche, parody, and for making copies of works in formats for people with visual or hearing impairments. Luxembourg has yet to implement properly EU rules relating to the Marrakesh Treaty. It appears not to have implemented provisions on technological protection measures (including how to circumvent these when they prevent enjoyment of exceptions and limitations).
Luxembourg will need to implement the EU Copyright Directive, which will bring in new rules on text and data mining, digital teaching and out-of-commerce works.
A minimum Bachelor degree in librarianship is only required for state civil servants (not: employees) in the cultural and education sector.
There are no institutions or programmes for library education in Luxembourg.
There are no professional publications for librarians in Luxembourg.
This national regular event organised by all public and privte book sector actors together takes place on 3-4 days around the UNESCO book day (23rd of April). All interested libraries can join it.